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제롬 파월 연준 의장의 잭슨홀 연설(영문)

기사입력 : 2023년08월25일 23:17

최종수정 : 2023년08월26일 00:20

[휴스턴=뉴스핌] 고인원 특파원= 제롬 파월 연준 의장은 2023년 8월 25일 잭슨홀 심포지엄에서 '글로벌 경제의 구조적 변화'을 주제로 연설했다.

이날 파월은 "인플레이션이 여전히 높으며 적절하다고 판단되면 추가 금리 인상이 가능하다"는 매파 발언으로 시장에 충격파를 던졌다.

다음은 미 연준 홈페이지에 게재된 파월 의장의 연설문 전문이다. 원문 그대로 게재한다.

Good morning. At last year's Jackson Hole symposium, I delivered a brief, direct message. My remarks this year will be a bit longer, but the message is the same: It is the Fed's job to bring inflation down to our 2 percent goal, and we will do so. We have tightened policy significantly over the past year. Although inflation has moved down from its peak—a welcome development—it remains too high. We are prepared to raise rates further if appropriate, and intend to hold policy at a restrictive level until we are confident that inflation is moving sustainably down toward our objective.

Today I will review our progress so far and discuss the outlook and the uncertainties we face as we pursue our dual mandate goals. I will conclude with a summary of what this means for policy. Given how far we have come, at upcoming meetings we are in a position to proceed carefully as we assess the incoming data and the evolving outlook and risks.

The Decline in Inflation So Far
The ongoing episode of high inflation initially emerged from a collision between very strong demand and pandemic-constrained supply. By the time the Federal Open Market Committee raised the policy rate in March 2022, it was clear that bringing down inflation would depend on both the unwinding of the unprecedented pandemic-related demand and supply distortions and on our tightening of monetary policy, which would slow the growth of aggregate demand, allowing supply time to catch up. While these two forces are now working together to bring down inflation, the process still has a long way to go, even with the more favorable recent readings.

On a 12-month basis, U.S. total, or "headline," PCE (personal consumption expenditures) inflation peaked at 7 percent in June 2022 and declined to 3.3 percent as of July, following a trajectory roughly in line with global trends (figure 1, panel A).1 The effects of Russia's war against Ukraine have been a primary driver of the changes in headline inflation around the world since early 2022. Headline inflation is what households and businesses experience most directly, so this decline is very good news. But food and energy prices are influenced by global factors that remain volatile, and can provide a misleading signal of where inflation is headed. In my remaining comments, I will focus on core PCE inflation, which omits the food and energy components.

On a 12-month basis, core PCE inflation peaked at 5.4 percent in February 2022 and declined gradually to 4.3 percent in July (figure 1, panel B). The lower monthly readings for core inflation in June and July were welcome, but two months of good data are only the beginning of what it will take to build confidence that inflation is moving down sustainably toward our goal. We can't yet know the extent to which these lower readings will continue or where underlying inflation will settle over coming quarters. Twelve-month core inflation is still elevated, and there is substantial further ground to cover to get back to price stability.

To understand the factors that will likely drive further progress, it is useful to separately examine the three broad components of core PCE inflation—inflation for goods, for housing services, and for all other services, sometimes referred to as nonhousing services (figure 2).

Core goods inflation has fallen sharply, particularly for durable goods, as both tighter monetary policy and the slow unwinding of supply and demand dislocations are bringing it down. The motor vehicle sector provides a good illustration. Earlier in the pandemic, demand for vehicles rose sharply, supported by low interest rates, fiscal transfers, curtailed spending on in-person services, and shifts in preference away from using public transportation and from living in cities. But because of a shortage of semiconductors, vehicle supply actually fell. Vehicle prices spiked, and a large pool of pent-up demand emerged. As the pandemic and its effects have waned, production and inventories have grown, and supply has improved. At the same time, higher interest rates have weighed on demand. Interest rates on auto loans have nearly doubled since early last year, and customers report feeling the effect of higher rates on affordability.2 On net, motor vehicle inflation has declined sharply because of the combined effects of these supply and demand factors.

Similar dynamics are playing out for core goods inflation overall. As they do, the effects of monetary restraint should show through more fully over time. Core goods prices fell the past two months, but on a 12-month basis, core goods inflation remains well above its pre-pandemic level. Sustained progress is needed, and restrictive monetary policy is called for to achieve that progress.

In the highly interest-sensitive housing sector, the effects of monetary policy became apparent soon after liftoff. Mortgage rates doubled over the course of 2022, causing housing starts and sales to fall and house price growth to plummet. Growth in market rents soon peaked and then steadily declined (figure 3).3

Measured housing services inflation lagged these changes, as is typical, but has recently begun to fall. This inflation metric reflects rents paid by all tenants, as well as estimates of the equivalent rents that could be earned from homes that are owner occupied.4 Because leases turn over slowly, it takes time for a decline in market rent growth to work its way into the overall inflation measure. The market rent slowdown has only recently begun to show through to that measure. The slowing growth in rents for new leases over roughly the past year can be thought of as "in the pipeline" and will affect measured housing services inflation over the coming year. Going forward, if market rent growth settles near pre-pandemic levels, housing services inflation should decline toward its pre-pandemic level as well. We will continue to watch the market rent data closely for a signal of the upside and downside risks to housing services inflation.

The final category, nonhousing services, accounts for over half of the core PCE index and includes a broad range of services, such as health care, food services, transportation, and accommodations. Twelve-month inflation in this sector has moved sideways since liftoff. Inflation measured over the past three and six months has declined, however, which is encouraging. Part of the reason for the modest decline of nonhousing services inflation so far is that many of these services were less affected by global supply chain bottlenecks and are generally thought to be less interest sensitive than other sectors such as housing or durable goods. Production of these services is also relatively labor intensive, and the labor market remains tight. Given the size of this sector, some further progress here will be essential to restoring price stability. Over time, restrictive monetary policy will help bring aggregate supply and demand back into better balance, reducing inflationary pressures in this key sector.

The Outlook
Turning to the outlook, although further unwinding of pandemic-related distortions should continue to put some downward pressure on inflation, restrictive monetary policy will likely play an increasingly important role. Getting inflation sustainably back down to 2 percent is expected to require a period of below-trend economic growth as well as some softening in labor market conditions.

Economic growth
Restrictive monetary policy has tightened financial conditions, supporting the expectation of below-trend growth.5 Since last year's symposium, the two-year real yield is up about 250 basis points, and longer-term real yields are higher as well—by nearly 150 basis points.6 Beyond changes in interest rates, bank lending standards have tightened, and loan growth has slowed sharply.7 Such a tightening of broad financial conditions typically contributes to a slowing in the growth of economic activity, and there is evidence of that in this cycle as well. For example, growth in industrial production has slowed, and the amount spent on residential investment has declined in each of the past five quarters (figure 4).

But we are attentive to signs that the economy may not be cooling as expected. So far this year, GDP (gross domestic product) growth has come in above expectations and above its longer-run trend, and recent readings on consumer spending have been especially robust. In addition, after decelerating sharply over the past 18 months, the housing sector is showing signs of picking back up. Additional evidence of persistently above-trend growth could put further progress on inflation at risk and could warrant further tightening of monetary policy.

The labor market
The rebalancing of the labor market has continued over the past year but remains incomplete. Labor supply has improved, driven by stronger participation among workers aged 25 to 54 and by an increase in immigration back toward pre-pandemic levels. Indeed, the labor force participation rate of women in their prime working years reached an all-time high in June. Demand for labor has moderated as well. Job openings remain high but are trending lower. Payroll job growth has slowed significantly. Total hours worked has been flat over the past six months, and the average workweek has declined to the lower end of its pre-pandemic range, reflecting a gradual normalization in labor market conditions (figure 5).

This rebalancing has eased wage pressures. Wage growth across a range of measures continues to slow, albeit gradually (figure 6). While nominal wage growth must ultimately slow to a rate that is consistent with 2 percent inflation, what matters for households is real wage growth. Even as nominal wage growth has slowed, real wage growth has been increasing as inflation has fallen.

We expect this labor market rebalancing to continue. Evidence that the tightness in the labor market is no longer easing could also call for a monetary policy response.

Uncertainty and Risk Management along the Path Forward
Two percent is and will remain our inflation target. We are committed to achieving and sustaining a stance of monetary policy that is sufficiently restrictive to bring inflation down to that level over time. It is challenging, of course, to know in real time when such a stance has been achieved. There are some challenges that are common to all tightening cycles. For example, real interest rates are now positive and well above mainstream estimates of the neutral policy rate. We see the current stance of policy as restrictive, putting downward pressure on economic activity, hiring, and inflation. But we cannot identify with certainty the neutral rate of interest, and thus there is always uncertainty about the precise level of monetary policy restraint.

That assessment is further complicated by uncertainty about the duration of the lags with which monetary tightening affects economic activity and especially inflation. Since the symposium a year ago, the Committee has raised the policy rate by 300 basis points, including 100 basis points over the past seven months. And we have substantially reduced the size of our securities holdings. The wide range of estimates of these lags suggests that there may be significant further drag in the pipeline.

Beyond these traditional sources of policy uncertainty, the supply and demand dislocations unique to this cycle raise further complications through their effects on inflation and labor market dynamics. For example, so far, job openings have declined substantially without increasing unemployment—a highly welcome but historically unusual result that appears to reflect large excess demand for labor. In addition, there is evidence that inflation has become more responsive to labor market tightness than was the case in recent decades.8 These changing dynamics may or may not persist, and this uncertainty underscores the need for agile policymaking.

These uncertainties, both old and new, complicate our task of balancing the risk of tightening monetary policy too much against the risk of tightening too little. Doing too little could allow above-target inflation to become entrenched and ultimately require monetary policy to wring more persistent inflation from the economy at a high cost to employment. Doing too much could also do unnecessary harm to the economy.

Conclusion
As is often the case, we are navigating by the stars under cloudy skies. In such circumstances, risk-management considerations are critical. At upcoming meetings, we will assess our progress based on the totality of the data and the evolving outlook and risks. Based on this assessment, we will proceed carefully as we decide whether to tighten further or, instead, to hold the policy rate constant and await further data. Restoring price stability is essential to achieving both sides of our dual mandate. We will need price stability to achieve a sustained period of strong labor market conditions that benefit all.

We will keep at it until the job is done.

koinwon@newspim.com

[뉴스핌 베스트 기사]

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이화영, 대법서 징역 7년8개월 확정 [서울=뉴스핌] 홍석희 기자 = 쌍방울 그룹에서 수억원대 뇌물을 받고, 800만 달러를 북한에 송금한 혐의로 기소된 이화영 전 경기도 평화부지사가 징역 7년 8개월을 확정 받았다. 대법원 2부(주심 박영재 대법관)는 5일 오전 특정범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(뇌물) 등 혐의로 재판에 넘겨진 이 전 부지사에게 징역 7년 8개월을 선고한 원심을 확정했다. 쌍방울 그룹에서 수억원대 뇌물을 받고, 800만 달러를 북한에 송금한 혐의로 기소된 이화영 전 경기도 평화부지사가 징역 7년 8개월을 확정 받았다. 사진은 이 전 지사가 지난해 10월 2일 오전 서울 여의도 국회 법제사법위원회에서 열린 박상용 수원지검 부부장검사에 대한 탄핵소추 사건 조사 관련 청문회에서 정청래 법사위원장 질의에 답변하는 모습. [사진=뉴스핌 DB] 이 전 부지사는 이재명 대통령이 경기지사이던 2019년, 쌍방울로 하여금 도지사 방북 비용 300만 달러와 북한 스마트팜 사업 비용 500만 달러 등 총 800만 달러를 북한 측에 보내도록 한 혐의로 기소됐다. 경기도 평화부지사, 경기도 산하기관인 킨텍스 대표로 재직 중 쌍방울로부터 법인카드와 차량 등 3억3400여만 원의 정치자금을 제공받은 혐의도 받았다. 검찰은 이중 2억5900여만 원에 대해 뇌물 혐의를 적용했다. 1심은 이 전 부지사의 혐의 대부분을 유죄로 판단해 정치자금법 위반 징역 1년 6개월, 특가법상뇌물 및 외국환거래법 위반 등 징역 8년을 합해 총 징역 9년 6개월을 선고했다. 1심 재판부는 쌍방울이 경기도 스마트팜 사업비(500만 달러)와 당시 경기지사였던 이 대통령의 방북비용(300만 달러)을 대납하려 했다는 검찰 측 판단을 모두 받아들였다. 다만 검찰이 공소사실에 적시한 총 800만 달러 중 394만 달러만 해외로 밀반출된 불법 자금으로 인정했다. 2심은 1심 판결을 파기하고, 징역 7년 8개월 및 벌금 2억5000만원, 추징 3억2595만 원으로 감형했다. 구체적으로 정치자금법 위반 혐의에 대해서는 징역 8개월을, 특가법상뇌물 및 외국환거래법 위반 등 혐의에 대해서는 징역 7년을 각각 주문했다. 1심 형량과 비교해 1년 10개월이 감형됐다. 2신 재판부는 1심과 마찬가지로 검찰이 기소한 대북송금 800만 달러 가운데 394만 달러만 북한 측에 밀반출됐다며 유죄로 판단했다. 특히 이 중 200만 달러는 김 전 회장이 이재명 당시 경기지사의 방북비용으로 대납한 것이라고 봤다. 다만 "뇌물죄, 정치자금법 위반죄 범행 후 공무원 또는 정치인으로서 부정한 행위까지 나아가지는 않은 점, 스마트팜은 인도적 지원 사업이었고 남북간 평화조성을 위한 남북교류협력사업의 추진이라는 정책적 목적도 있는 점, 김성태가 쌍방울그룹의 대북사업 추진 등 이익을 도모한 사정도 있고 피고인이 김성태에게 비용 대납을 강요한 사정은 없는 점 등을 유리한 양형으로 고려했다"고 감형 이유를 설명했다. 검찰과 이 전 부지사 측 모두 판결에 불복해 상고했으나 대법원은 양 측의 주장을 모두 받아들이지 않았다. 대법원은 "원심의 유죄 부분 판단에 필요한 심리를 다하지 않은 채 논리와 경험의 법칙을 위반해 자유심증주의 한계를 벗어나거나 검사의 사전면담 등이 이루어진 증인의 법정진술의 신빙성 판단, 유죄의 인정에 필요한 증명의 정도, 뇌물수수죄에서 직무관련성, 대가성, 뇌물귀속 주체와 고의, 정치자금 부정수수죄에서 정치자금과 고의 등에 관한 법리를 오해하는 등으로 판결에 영향을 미친 잘못이 없다"고 판시했다. hong90@newspim.com 2025-06-05 10:45
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외교부 장관 김현종·조현 거론 [서울=뉴스핌] 지혜진 기자= 인수위원회 없이 출범하는 새 정부는 민생 회복과 함께 대미 관세 협상 등 외교·안보 문제도 시급하다. 미국 법원에서 도널드 트럼프 대통령이 주요국을 대상으로 부과한 상호관세 효력을 정지시켰지만 여전히 통상 환경의 불확실성이 가신 것은 아니다. 지난 4일 당선된 이재명 대통령은 "국익 중심의 실용 외교" 강조해왔다. 민주당 공약집을 보면 통상환경의 변화와 경제안보 중요성에 대응하기 위해 주요 20개국(G20)·주요 7개국(G7) 등의 적극 참여를 통해 글로벌 현안 적극 대응하고 2025 경주 APEC 성공적 개최를 위한 외교역량을 강화할 것을 약속했다. 신남방·신북방 정책을 계승 발전해 글로벌 사우스와 권역별 협력을 심화하고 핵심소재·연료광물의 공급망(GVC) 안정화를 위한 통상협력 강화도 약속했다. (왼쪽부터) 김현종 더불어민주당 선대위 외교안보특보, 위성락 민주당 의원, 조현 선대위 국익중심실용외교위 공동위원장, 안규백 의원. [사진=뉴스핌DB] 북핵 대응으로는 한국형 탄도미사일 성능과 한국형미사일방어체계(KAMD)를 고도화를 내세웠다. 핵무장이나 핵잠재력 확보에 대해서는 언급하지 않았다. '북핵 대응의 기본 원칙은 한·미 확장억제 강화'라는 기존의 기조를 이어갈 것으로 예상된다. 국방 분야에서는 국방 문민화를 비롯해 군 정보기관 개혁, 육·해·공군 참모총장 인사청문회 도입 등을 내세웠다. 이 대통령은 취임 첫날 국가안보실장에 위성락 민주당 의원을 임명했다. 주러시아 대사를 지낸 외교관 출신인 위 의원은 '이재명 후보 외교안보보좌관'으로 임명돼 활동했다. 이번 대선에서는 민주당 선대위 산하 '동북아평화협력위원회' 좌장을 맡았다. 외교부 장관 후보군으로는 조현 전 외교부 1차관과 김현종 전 청와대 국가안보실 2차장이 언급된다. 조 전 차관은 선대위에서 국익중심실용외교위원회 상임공동위원장을 맡았다. 위 의원과 외무고시 13기 동기로 유엔대사, 외교부 다자외교조정관, 외교부 국제기구국장 등을 역임했다. 김 전 차장은 대선 기간에도 '이재명 후보 외교안보보좌관' 자격으로 백악관 고위 당국자들과 만나 한미동맹과 한미일 3국 협력을 강화해야 한다는 이 후보의 입장을 전달하기도 했다. 국방부 장관 자리에는 군 출신이 아닌 5선의 안규백 민주당 의원이 유력하다. 이 대통령은 후보 때부터 군에 대한 '문민 통제'를 강조해 왔다. heyjin@newspim.com 2025-06-05 06:00
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